Throughout instances of political turmoil, historical past typically will get rewritten, erased, or misplaced. That’s what occurred to the legacy of Jan Czochralski, a Polish chemist whose contributions to semiconductor manufacturing have been expunged after World Conflict II.
In 1916 he invented a way for rising single crystals of semiconductors, metals, and artificial gem stones. The method, now generally known as the Czochralski technique, permits scientists to have extra management over a semiconductor’s high quality.
After the conflict ended, Czochralski was falsely accused by the Polish authorities of collaborating with the Germans and betraying his nation, in response to an article printed by the Worldwide Union of Crystallography. The allegation apparently ended his educational profession as a professor on the Warsaw College of Know-how and led to the erasure of his identify and work from the varsity’s data.
He died in 1953 in obscurity in his hometown of Kcynia.
The Czochralski technique was honored in 2019 with an IEEE Milestone for enabling theimprovement of semiconductor gadgets and fashionable electronics. Administered by the IEEE Historical past Heart and supported by donors, the Milestone program acknowledges excellent technical developments world wide.
Impressed by the IEEE recognition, Czochralski’s grandson Fred Schmidt and his great-grandnephew Sylwester Czochralski launched the JanCZ venture. The initiative, which goals to teach the general public about Czochralski’s life and scientific impression, maintains two web sites—one in English and the opposite in Polish.
“Discovering the [IEEE Milestone] plaque modified my whole mission,” Schmidt says. “It impressed me to interact with Poland, my household historical past, and my grandfather’s story [on] a extra private stage. The [Milestone] is a crucial award of validation and recognition. It’s an enormous a part of what I’m constructing my whole case and my story round as I promote the Jan Czochralski legacy and historical past to the Western world.”
Schmidt, who lives in Texas, is searching for to supply a biopic, translate a Polish biography to English, and switch the chemist’s former properties in Kcynia and Warsaw into museums. The Jan Czochralski Remembrance Basis has been established by Schmidt to assist fund the tasks.
The lifetime of the Polish chemist
Earlier than Czochralski’s beginning in 1885, Kcynia grew to become a part of the German Empire in 1871. Though his household recognized as Polish and spoke the language at dwelling, they couldn’t publicly acknowledge their tradition, Schmidt says.
When it got here time for Czochralski to go to school, reasonably than attend one in Warsaw, he did what many Germans did on the time: He attended one in Berlin.
After graduating with a bachelor’s diploma in metallic chemistry in 1907 from the Königlich Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin), he joined Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft in Berlin as an engineer.
Czochralski experimented with supplies to seek out new formulations that might enhance {the electrical} cables and equipment in the course of the early electrical age, in response to a Materials Worldarticle.
Whereas investigating the crystallization charges of metallic, Czochralski unintentionally dipped his pen right into a pot of molten tin as an alternative of an inkwell. A tin filament fashioned on the pen’s tip—which he discovered fascinating. By means of analysis, he proved that the filament was a single crystal. His discovery prompted him to experiment with the majority manufacturing of semiconductor crystals.
His paper on what he known as the Czochralski technique was printed in 1918 within the German chemistry journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, however he by no means discovered an software for it. (The strategy wasn’t used till 1948, when Bell Labs engineers Gordon Kidd Teal and J.B. Little tailored it to develop single germanium crystals for his or her semiconductor manufacturing, in response to Materials World.)
Czochralski continued working in metallic science, founding and directing a analysis laboratory in 1917 at Metallgesellschaft in Frankfurt. In 1919 he was one of many founding members of the German Society for Metals Science, in Sankt Augustin. He served as its president till 1925.
Round that point he developed an innovation that led to his wealth and fame, Schmidt says. Referred to as “B-metal,” the metallic alloy was a cheaper various to the tin utilized in manufacturing railroad carriage bearings. Czochralski’s alloy was patented by the German railway Deutsche Bahn and performed a major function in advancing rail transport in Germany, Poland, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, in response to Materials World.
“Launching this initiative has been fulfilling and personally rewarding work. My grandfather died in obscurity with out ever seeing the outcomes of his work, and my mom spent her whole grownup life making an attempt to proper these wrongs.”
The achievement introduced Czochralski many alternatives. In 1925 he grew to become president of the GDMB Society of Metallurgists and Miners, in Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany. Henry Ford invited Czochralski to go to his factories and supplied him the place of director at Ford’s new aluminum manufacturing facility in Detroit. Czochralski declined the supply, longing to return to Poland, Schmidt says. As an alternative, Czochralski left Germany to turn into a professor of metallurgy and metallic analysis on the Warsaw College of Know-how, on the invitation of Polish President Ignacy Mościcki.
“Throughout World Conflict II, the Nazis took over his laboratories on the college,” Schmidt says. “He needed to cooperate with them or die. At evening, he and his workforce [at the university] labored with the Polish resistance and the Polish Military to combat the Nazis.”
After the conflict ended, Czochralski was arrested in 1945 and charged with betraying Poland. Though he was in a position to clear his identify, injury was executed. He left Warsaw and returned to Kcynia, the place he ran a small pharmaceutical enterprise till he died in 1953, in response to the JanCZ venture.
Launching the JanCZ venture
Schmidt was born in Czochralski’s dwelling in Kcynia in 1955, two years after his grandfather’s loss of life. He was named Klemens Jan Borys Czochralski. He and his mom (Czochralski’s youngest daughter) emigrated in 1958 when Schmidt was 3 years previous, transferring to Detroit as refugees. When he was 13, he grew to become a U.S. citizen. He modified his identify to Fred Schmidt after his mom married his stepfather.
Schmidt heard tales about his grandfather from his mom his entire life, however he says that “as a teen, I used to be simply curious about hanging out with my associates, going to highschool, and dealing. I actually didn’t need a lot to do with it [family history], as a result of it appeared laborious to imagine.”
Portrait of Jan CzochralskiByla Sobie Fotka
In 2013 Polish scientist Pawel E. Tomaszewski contacted Schmidt to interview him for a Polish TV documentary about his grandfather.
“He had corresponded with my mom [who’d died 20 years earlier] for beforehand printed biographies about Czochralski,” Schmidt says. “I had some packing containers of her issues that I began going by to arrange for the interview, and I discovered authentic manuscripts and papers he [his grandfather] printed about his work.”
The TV crew traveled to the USA and interviewed him for the documentary, Schmidt says, including, “It was the primary time I’d ever needed to reckon with the Jan Czochralski story, my connection, my authentic identify, and my birthplace. It was each a really cathartic and traumatic expertise for me.”
Ten years after collaborating within the documentary, Schmidt says, he determined to reconnect together with his roots.
“It took me that lengthy to course of it [what he learned] and work out my function on this story,” he says. “That basically got here to life with my determination to reapply for Polish citizenship, reacquaint myself with the nation, and meet my household there.”
In 2024 he visited the Warsaw College of Know-how and noticed the IEEE Milestone plaque honoring his grandfather’s contribution to know-how.
“As soon as I discovered what the Milestone award represented, I believed, Whoa, that’s huge,” he says.
Sharing the story with the Western world
Since 2023, Schmidt has devoted himself to publicizing his grandfather’s story, primarily within the West as a result of he doesn’t communicate Polish. Sylwester Czochralski manages the work in Poland, with Schmidt’s enter.
A lot of the out there writing about Czochralski is in Polish, Schmidt says, so his purpose is to “unfold his story to English-speaking nations.”
He goals to do this, he says, by a biography written by Tomaszewski in Polish that might be translated to English, and a movie. The film is in improvement by Sywester Banaszkiewicz, who produced and directed the 2014 documentary in Poland. Schmidt says he hopes the film might be just like the 2023 biopic about J. Robert Oppenheimer, the theoretical physicist who helped develop the world’s first nuclear weapons throughout World Conflict II.
The English and Polish variations of the web site take guests by Czochralski’s life and his work. They spotlight media protection of the chemist, together with newspaper articles, movies, and informational movies posted by YouTube creators.
Schmidt is working with the Czochralski Analysis and Growth Institute in Toruń, Poland, to buy his grandfather’s dwelling in Kcynia and the mansion he lived in whereas he was a professor in Warsaw. The institute is a set of labs and initiatives devoted to honoring the chemist’s work.
“It’s going to be a protracted, enjoyable journey, and we have now plenty of momentum,” Schmidt says of his plans to show the residences into museums.
“Launching this initiative has been fulfilling and personally rewarding work,” he says. “My grandfather died in obscurity with out ever seeing the outcomes of his work, and my mom spent her whole grownup life making an attempt to proper these wrongs.
“I’m on an accelerated course to make it [her goal] occur to one of the best of my capacity.”
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